sulfurdyes

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Sulfur dyesyog cov feem ntau siv dyes tsim rau paj rwb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntim. Lawv yog cov pheej yig, feem ntau muaj kev ntxuav zoo - ceev, thiab yooj yim rau kev thov. Sulfur dyes feem ntau yog xim dub, xim av, thiab xiav tsaus.[1] Liab sulfur dyes tsis paub, txawm tias muaj xim liab lossis xim liab liab.

Organic Chemistry

Kev sib txuas ntawm sulfur yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm chromophore hauv sulfur dyes. Lawv yog cov organosulfur tebchaw uas muaj sulfide (–S–), disulfide (–S–S–) thiab polysulfide (–S._n-) txuas hauv heterocyclic rings. Lawv muaj thiazoles, thiazone, thianthrene, thiab phenothiazonethioanthrone subunits. Ua nonionic, sulfur dyes yog insoluble hauv dej.

Txheej txheem

Dyeing suav nrog ob peb theem, viz. txo, dyeing, ntxuav, oxidation, soaping, thiab zaum kawg ntxuav. Lub anion yog tsim los ntawm kev txo thiab solubilising ntawm boiling thaum nws qhia affinity rau cellulose. Sodium sulfide (Na₂S), tus txo thiab solubilising tus neeg sawv cev, ua ob qho tib si txo thiab solubilisation, tsim thiols thiab ces mus rau sodium ntsev ntawm thiols los yog thiolates, uas yog soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab muaj nuj nqis ntawm cellulose. Kev qaug zog ntau dua tshwm sim ntawm 90-95℃thaum muaj cov electrolyte. Dyed cellulosics nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig kev sib tw ntawm kev cia nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntub dej vim muaj ntau cov sulfur dawb. Tom qab kev kho mob nrog sodium acetate yuav tsum tau txo qis qhov ntawd. H₂S liberated thaum dyeing cov ntaub ntawv corrosive hlau sulfide. Qhov no txwv tsis pub siv cov hlab ntsha hlau tshwj tsis yog cov uas ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel:

Fe + H₂S → FeS + H₂

Kev tsim khoom, yav dhau los thiab tam sim no

Lub forerunner ntawm sulfur dyes hais tias yog "Cachou de Laval", uas tau pom los ntawm Groissant thiab Bretonniere hauv 1873 thiab tau npaj los ntawm kev kho cov khoom nrog lignin (xws li sawdust lossis straw) nrog sulfide qhov chaw (xws li sodium hydroxide lossis sulphide tov nrog sulfur). Tom qab ntawd, Henri -Raymond Vidal tau tsim ua li ntawd - hu ua Vidal Blacks hauv 1893 los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam aniline derivatives nrog sulfur. Cov kev sim no tau pom tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj xim sib sib zog nqus tuaj yeem tsim tau yooj yim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab cov khoom siv sulfur.

Cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv chav kawm yog Sulfur Black 1. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm 2,4-dinitrophenol thiab sodium sulfide hauv dej kub. Zoo li ntau cov sulfur dyes, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog to taub tsis zoo. Nws raug lees paub tias sulfide txo cov nitro pawg rau aniline derivatives, uas xav tias tsim indophenol{11}} muaj cov intermediates uas txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog sulfur. Qhov tshwm sim yog insoluble, siab molecular hnyav hom. Sulfur Black 1 tau nkag siab tsis zoo, thiab cov khoom siv yog qhov sib txawv. Nws yog speculated los ua ib tug polymer uas muaj thianthrene thiab phenothiazine subunits. Lub npe hu ua sulfur ci dyes yog tsim los ntawm 1,4-diaminobenzene thiab diaminotoluene derivatives. Cov dyes tau thov kom muaj cov polymers nrog benzothiazole subunits. Cov tswv cuab ntawm chav kawm sulfur ci dyes yog Sulfur Orange 1, Sulfur Brown 21, thiab Sulfur Green 12.

Txoj kev thov

Sulfur dyes yog dej -insoluble. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev thiab nyob rau hauv alkaline pH ntawm siab kub ntawm ib ncig ntawm 80 degree, cov dye particles disintegrate, uas ces ua dej -soluble thiab li no yuav absorbed los ntawm cov ntaub. Sodium sulfide los yog sodium hydrosulfide yog tsim los txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov ntsev ntau yooj yim rau kev nqus. Tom qab cov ntaub raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj zas xim, nws raug tso cai sawv ntsug hauv huab cua whereupon cov xim yog rov tsim dua los ntawm oxidation. Regenerated niam txiv dye yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej. Oxidation kuj tuaj yeem ua rau huab cua lossis los ntawm hydrogen peroxide lossis sodium bromate hauv cov kua qaub me me.

Cov dej solubility tsawg yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntxuav zoo - ceev ntawm cov ntaub dyed. Cov dyes muaj zoo tag nrho - nyob ib ncig ntawm cov xim ceev tsuas yog cov tshuaj chlorine bleaches. Vim tias cov xim yog dej -insoluble, nws yuav tsis los ntshav thaum ntxuav hauv dej thiab yuav tsis ua rau lwm yam khaub ncaws. Cov xim, txawm li cas los xij, yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo rau kev txhuam. Cov dyes yog bleached los ntawm hypochlorite bleach.

Teeb meem ib puag ncig

Vim yog qhov muaj kuab paug zoo heev ntawm cov xim zas- da dej effluent, sulfur dyes tau maj mam muab faib rau sab hnub poob tab sis lawv tau siv ntau hauv Suav teb.[3] Kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv dyeing thev naus laus zis tau tso cai hloov cov tshuaj lom sulfide txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. Glucose hauv cov tshuaj yog tam sim no siv thiab ob qho tib si qis -sulfide thiab xoom-sulfide cov khoom muaj. Cov kev txhim kho yav tom ntej hauv kev txo cov xim xim los ntawm cov txheej txheem electrochemical tau cog lus tseg.